Significant Effect Of Education Research Articles

Assessing the Impact of Education on Life Expectancy in Rwanda

Purpose: Education's impact on life expectancy is a crucial area of study, particularly in nations undergoing rapid demographic and epidemiological transitions like Rwanda. This research examines the intricate relationship between education and life expectancy in Rwanda, considering the nation's advancements in education and healthcare. Despite progress, challenges persist in ensuring equitable access to quality education. Methodology: The study utilizes quantitative research methods, employing descriptive, correlation, and causal-comparative approaches, alongside econometric analyses like co-integration tests and vector error correction models. Data covering the period from 1965 to 2020 were collected from the World Bank Database. Findings: Findings indicate a significant effect of education on fertility rates, with higher education levels associated with lower fertility. Additionally, forecasts project an increase in life expectancy across educational groups, albeit less pronounced for the less educated. Gender disparities persist, with the rate of decrease in life expectancy differences between males and females slower than in previous decades. Increasing prediction intervals highlight growing uncertainty over time. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The research contributes to understanding the complex interplay between education and life expectancy in Rwanda, offering insights for policy interventions to enhance population health outcomes and promote sustainable development. This study underscores the imperative for targeted strategies to mitigate educational barriers and advance inclusive development, addressing existing gaps in empirical evidence within the Rwandan context.

Predictors of Cognitive Functions After Stroke Assessed Using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale: A Retrospective Study.

The mechanism(s) of cognitive impairment remains complex, making it difficult to confirm the factors influencing poststroke cognitive impairment (PSCI). This study quantitatively investigated the degree of influence and interactions of clinical indicators of PSCI. Information from 270 patients with PSCI and their Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-RC) scores, totaling 18 indicators, were retrospectively collected. Correlations between the indicators and WAIS scores were calculated. Multiple linear regression model(MLR), genetic algorithm modified Back-Propagation neural network(GA-BP), logistic regression model (LR), XGBoost model (XGB), and structural equation model were used to analyze the degree of influence of factors on the WAIS and their mediating effects. Seven indicators were significantly correlated with the WAIS scores: education, lesion side, aphasia, frontal lobe, temporal lobe, diffuse lesions, and disease course. The MLR showed significant effect of education, lesion side, aphasia, diffuse lesions, and frontal lobe on the WAIS. The GA-BP included five factors: education, aphasia, frontal lobe, temporal lobe, and diffuse lesions. LR predicted that the lesion side contributed more to mild cognitive impairment, while education, lesion side, aphasia, and course of the disease contributed more to severe cognitive impairment. XGB showed that education, side of the lesion, aphasia, and diffuse lesions contributed the most to PSCI. Aphasia plays a significant mediating role in patients with severe PSCI. Education, lesion side, aphasia, frontal lobe, and diffuse lesions significantly affected PSCI. Aphasia is a mediating variable between clinical information and the WAIS in patients with severe PSCI.

A study of socio-economic determinants of internal migration in Pakistan

The migration is a dynamic process and it effects the growth of economy. The process of migration may happen due to number of reasons and factors. The migration may be internal and external. The present study investigates and explains the factors responsible for migration in Pakistan. This study is limited to explain the internal migration in Pakistan and concludes that female education is a significant determinant of the internal migration. The study uses the data from Labour Force Survey 2017-2022. Data is statistically analyzed on the basis of distribution of migrants by their characteristics and on the basis of migration reasons. It captures the impact of age, education and other factors on the migration process. The determinants of migration are estimated with the help of logistic regression model. Here dependent variable of migration model is dichotomous. Therefore, logistic regression model is formulated to know the impact of education and other factors on internal migration in Pakistan. The positive and significant effect of education on migration for both males and females is found and it proves that migration is a human capital investment.

THE INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION OF POSTPARTUM MOTHERS ON THE KNOWLEDGE OF POSTPARTUM RISK SIGNS

One of the critical periods associated with maternal mortality risk is the postpartum period. Hence, it is imperative to prioritize postnatal care as a means to reduce maternal and infant mortality rates. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 30% of mothers face mortality risks during the puerperium. Unfortunately, many postpartum mothers are unaware of potential issues during this period, leading to delayed self-examinations with healthcare professionals. This lack of awareness stems from insufficient knowledge regarding the danger signs that may arise during the postpartum period. Previous study revealed that a significant number of mothers lack awareness about these danger signs during the puerperium. To enhance the knowledge of postpartum mothers, one effective approach is to provide education. This study aimed to investigate the impact of educational interventions on postpartum mothers' knowledge of danger signs during the postpartum period. The research employed a Quasi-Experimental design with a one-group pretest-posttest design. The sample consisted of 30 postpartum mothers, and all participants completed the entire study. Data collection involved administering a questionnaire both before and after the educational intervention. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for data analysis, and the Wilcoxon test was utilized with a significance level set at α < 0.05. Statistical analysis yielded a p-value of 0.000 (α < 0.05), indicating a statistically significant effect of education on increasing postpartum mothers' knowledge of danger signs during the puerperal period.

The Effect of Puzzle as Health Education Media on Knowledge and Attitude of DHF Prevention Among Trash Warrior Community

Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a significant public health threat that can be controlled by engaging all community groups in preventive measures. Interventions targeting early age are pivotal in improving knowledge and attitudes toward DHF prevention. This study proposes a health promotion strategy using a Puzzle as an educational media targeting the Trash Warrior Community members aged 9-12 years to enhance knowledge and attitudes towards DHF prevention. This was a pre-experimental study with a one-group pretest-posttest conducted from February to March 2023. All Trash Warrior Community members aged 9 – 12 (n=20) were included as respondents. They were given a questionnaire consisting of 13 questions of knowledge and ten statements of attitudes towards DHF prevention before and after the health education. The intervention in this study was health education using puzzles in 5 small groups, each consisting of 4 children. Each group was given 30 minutes to arrange the puzzle. This study shows an improvement of mean value on knowledge for 2.1 points and attitude for 0,75 points. Based on the result of bivariate analysis using the Wilcoxon test, it was found that there was a significant effect of education using puzzle media on knowledge (p=0.000, p<0.05) and attitudes (p=0.045, p<0.05) in preventing DHF among Trash Warrior Community members aged 9-12 years. Health education using puzzles effectively increases children’s knowledge and attitude toward DHF prevention.

The interaction of socioeconomic stress and race on telomere length in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis

RationaleProposed mechanisms relating early life exposures to poor health suggest that biologic indicators of risk are observable in childhood. Telomere length (TL) is a biomarker of aging, psychosocial stress, and a range of environmental exposures. In adults, exposure to early life adversity, including low socioeconomic status (SES), is predictive of shorter TL. However, results in pediatric populations have been mixed. Defining the true relation between TL and SES in childhood is expected to enhance the understanding of the biological pathways through which socioeconomic factors influence health across the life span. ObjectiveThe aim of this meta-analysis was to systematically review and quantitatively assess the published literature to better understand how SES, race, and TL are related in pediatric populations. MethodsStudies in the United States in any pediatric population with any measure of SES were included and identified through the following electronic databases: PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Medline, Socindex, CINAHL, and Psychinfo. Analysis utilized a multi-level random-effects meta-analysis accounting for multiple effect sizes within a study. ResultsThirty-two studies were included with a total of 78 effect sizes that were categorized into income-based, education-based, and composite indicators. Only three studies directly tested the relation between SES and TL as the primary study aim. In the full model, there was a significant relation between SES and TL (r = 0.0220 p = 0.0286). Analysis by type of SES categorization identified a significant moderating effect of income on TL (r = 0.0480, 95% CI: 0.0155 to 0.0802, p = 0.0045) but no significant effect for education or composite SES. ConclusionsThere is an overall association between SES and TL that is predominately due to the association with income-based SES measures implicating income disparities as a key target for efforts to address health inequity across the life span. Identification of associations between family income and biological changes in children that predict life-span health risk provides key data to support public health policies addressing economic inequality in families and presents a unique opportunity to assess the effect of prevention efforts at the biologic level.

Pengaruh Komunikasi, Pendidikan dan Pelatihan, Rekrutmen dan Seleksi Terhadap Peningkatan Kinerja Karyawan di Bank Mandiri dengan Komitmen Karyawan Sebagai Variabel Intervening

Human Resource Management is now seen as one of the main factors that differentiate between successful and unsuccessful organizations after technology or finance. The purpose of this research is to find out and analyze the effect of communication on employee commitment, to know and analyze the effect of communication on improving employee performance, to know and analyze the effect of education and training on employee commitment, to know and analyze the effect of education and training on improving employee performance., to know and analyze the effect of recruitment and selection on employee commitment, to know and analyze the effect of recruitment and selection on employee performance improvement, and to know and analyze the effect of employee commitment on employee performance improvement. The research method taken is a causative quantitative descriptive research method. The population taken is Bank Mandiri employees in Bekasi. The samples to be taken are one hundred employees of Mandiri Banks in Bekasi City. In this study, exogenous latent variables are communication, education and training, recruitment, and selection. While endogenous latent variables are employee commitment, employee performance improvement. The results of research it can be concluded that: there is no influence and no significant communication with employee commitment, there is no influence and no significant communication with improving employee performance, there is no significant but significant effect of education and training on employee commitment, there is no significant influence but education and training with increasing employee performance, there is no significant influence and recruitment and selection on employee commitment, there is no effect and no significant recruitment and selection on employee performance improvement, there is no significant effect but employee commitment to increased employee performance. Meanwhile, when they wanted to analyze using the SEM AMOS 24 application, it was said that the data was unobservable.

Prevalence and Patterns of Cognitive Impairment in a Sample of Community Dwelling Older People in Nigeria.

Prevalence and patterns of cognitive impairment were studied in older people from Nigeria. Four hundred and forty one participants (263 females; age: 60-87) were recruited from community dwelling adults in Anambra state Nigeria. Five domains of cognition were tested using the Uniform Data Set Version 3 (UDS-3). Prevalence: 49.7% were classified as normal cognition, 34% as borderline, 12.9% as MCI (2.72% with amnesic MCI) and 3.4% as dementia. We showed in descending order in that 13% of the participants were impaired on visual-spatial index; 6.8% on memory index; 5.2% on attention/concentration index; 2.7% were impaired on executive function index and 34.80% (based on mean) of the participants were impaired on processing speed index. There were significant interaction effects for gender and education on visual spatial and attention domains respectively. Significant effects of education were seen on executive function and processing speed while interaction effect was found on executive function alone. 8% scored 1.5 SD below the mean on MoCA. There was a significant effect of education on MoCA with the pairwise comparison showing a significant difference between tertiary education and other two levels of education. The groups did differ significantly for hypertension on MoCA. This study showed a high prevalence of cognitive impairment among older adult population from Nigeria. A significant proportion of the sample were impaired on the visual spatial domain and at least half of the participants were impaired on one cognitive domain. Hypertensive participants performed significantly poor on MoCA compared to non-hypertensive group.

Does cognitive reserve or brain maintenance explain heterogeneity in episodic memory trajectories in late middle age?

AbstractBackgroundAging‐related episodic memory (EM) decline and Alzheimer’s disease (AD)‐related brain changes begin in late middle age around age 60. However, rate and severity of cognitive decline do not consistently correspond to the extent of neuropathological changes, suggesting a high degree of heterogeneity in EM trajectories. We tested if brain maintenance (BM; relative absence of changes in neural resources as a determinant of preserved cognition) and/or cognitive reserve (CR; a property of the brain that allows for sustained cognitive performance in the face of age‐related changes and brain insult or disease) explain individual differences and heterogeneity in EM in late middle age.MethodParticipants were 1604 men from the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging. A practice effect‐adjusted composite EM score based on six measures was calculated at three time points with mean ages of 56, 62, and 68. Young adult general cognitive ability (GCA) and lifetime years of education were used as proxy measures of CR. BM was assessed as relative change (from age 56 to 68) in cortical thickness and surface area in a bilateral cortical signature of AD regions‐of‐interest (N = 321). We used linear mixed effect modeling.ResultOn average, there was a significant decline in EM from age 56 to 68 (p<0.001). Education (p = 0.042) and young adult GCA (p<0.001) were positively related to EM, but there were no significant effects of education or GCA on the rate of EM change (all p’s≥0.316). Relative brain changes were not related to EM (all p’s≥0.067) and there were no significant interactions of CR proxies and brain changes on EM (all p’s≥0.379).ConclusionHigher education and higher young adult GCA were related to better EM performance across late middle age – with a stronger contribution of GCA compared to education – but EM change did not differ as a function of these proxy CR measures. Our results did not support effects of BM or CR on EM change in late middle age but rather reflected baseline differences in memory in those with low versus high education/cognitive ability. Whether differential change occurs at later ages or with increased AD pathology remains to be determined.

Re‐examining the impact of adjusting for education and sex the RBANS delayed memory score: Implications on the cut‐offs used to detect cognitive impairment in prodromal Alzheimer’s disease. Data from the EPAD‐LCS study.

AbstractBackgroundthe RBANS is a multilingual brief cognitive battery commonly used in both clinical practice and research. Its delayed memory index has been used as entry criteria for clinical trials in early stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although several studies reported a significant effect of education and sex in RBANS scores, the published normative data only provide adjustments by age. We aimed at exploring the impact of sex and education in the age‐adjusted scores and studying the percentage of change in the classification of memory impairment, along with the association with AD biomarker status after adjusting for education and sex.MethodsWe analyzed data from the EPAD baseline Longitudinal Cohort Study (n = 1,716 [Clinical Dementia Rating [CDR] = 0 n = 1,233; CDR = 0.5 n = 483]), see Table 1. We used multiple regression to assess the impact of years of education and sex on the age‐adjusted delayed memory index within the CDR = 0 sample. The coefficients obtained were used to generate sex‐, education‐ and age‐adjusted scores. The whole sample was classified as having/not having memory impairment (<85 points) with published and full adjusted scores. Within CDR = 0.5 group, the concordance between presence of memory impairment and pathologic amyloid‐β (A+; cut‐off = 1000 pg/ml) and p‐tau levels (T+; cut‐off = 27 pg/ml) in cerebrospinal fluid was assessed.ResultsEducation and sex (being a woman) had significant positive effects (p<0.001) on the age‐adjusted delayed memory scores (Partial eta2 = 0.035 and 0.010). We observed a change of up to 10 points after sex and education adjustment (mean[SD] change = 0.83 [2.6]). The use of fully adjusted scores increased the number of individuals classified as having memory impairment by 1.7%. Within the CDR = 0.5 group, these scores identified 2.5% individuals with memory impairment that were considered within the normal range using the regular norms, and increased the concordance between memory impairment and A+T+ biomarkers by almost 5% (regular norms = 65.2%, adjusted norms = 69.7%).ConclusionAlthough small, education and sex exert a relevant effect in the delayed memory score of the RBANS and improve clinical and biomarker concordance of the conclusions on the cognitive status derived from them. Adding education and sex adjustments to the RBANS measures may improve the selection of individuals for clinical trials.

김종삼 시의 물 이미지 고찰과 교육적 의의

Objectives This study examines the orientation of the poet's world of consciousness by analyzing the transformation and implementation of the water image that penetrates Kim Jong-sam's poetry, and examines its educational significance in connection with the university's poetry education.
 Methods To this end, this paper took a phenomenological position to reveal the orientation of consciousness through poetic objects, and analyzed the transformation and implementation of the water image in Kim Jong-sam’s poetry in terms of Gaston Bachelard's conscious phenomenology. Furthermore, it aims to explore the educational significance that can be obtained when applying this to the poetry education of college students.
 Results As a result of the study, the “water” image, which is variously transformed in Kim Jong-sam’s poetry, showed three transition patterns: the transition from “rotten water” to “pure water,” the transition from “tough water” to “burning water,” and the transition from “dead water” to “maternal water.” Through this, it was possible to comprehensively grasp the consciousness orientation of poet Kim Jong-sam, who lost absolute paradise and longed for an ideal world in his thirst. In addition, it was examined that when used for college students' poetry education, it can have significant educational effects such as cultivating aesthetic sensitivity, enhancing creative imagination, cultivating flexibility in thinking, and expanding the possibility of communication and communication with the world.
 Conclusions This paper is meaningful in that it examines the transformation and implementation of water image in Kim Jong-sam's poetry to comprehensively clarify the poet's orientation, and further examines its educational significance to seek application points for college students' poetry education.

Czech Consumers' Preference for Organic Products in Online Grocery Stores during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

A major advantage of online organic produce shopping is the fact that it saves energy and reduces emissions otherwise generated by customers during their time spent on the road and while shopping. Organic products in general positively impact sustainability, the environment, and the regions of their origin along with the social changes in these regions and further rural development. Moreover, these products positively impact the perceived health benefits and quality of food labeled as organic. The Czech Republic has currently seen a rise in organic food purchasing and supply trends. This study maps the factors possibly influencing consumers’ decision to go shopping for organic food online. Observed factors include the following demographic characteristics of consumers (respondents): gender, age, education, household income, number of children in the household and number of household members. A total of 757 respondents from the Czech Republic from September 2020 to December 2020 took part in the research. Logistic regression, used for data processing, identified the statistically significant effects of education, income and number of household members on online purchases. These conclusions were confirmed by a detailed contingency tables analysis, including the almost monotonous trend of the dependencies, with only minor deviations in a maximum of one category. The strongest influence of some categories on the emergence of partial dependencies was found by residue analysis. The research confirmed that the frequency of online grocery shopping increases significantly with increasing education and income of respondents and decreases with increasing the number of household members. Most respondents apparently shop for groceries online because of time savings, better product choice and more convenient and easier search.

Determinants of adoption of climate-smart agricultural technologies and practices in the coffee-based farming system of Ethiopia

ObjectivesThis study explored the adoption status of different Climate Smart Agricultural (CSA) practices and factors that influence their adoption for sustainable soil resource utilization in the changing climate.MethodologyWe used quantitative and qualitative primary data collected from smallholder farmers and other stakeholders from major coffee-growing regions of Ethiopia: Oromia, and Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples (SNNP). We used the multivariate probit (MVP) model to study factors that influence the adoption of climate-smart agricultural technologies, namely, manure application, minimum tillage, intercropping, use of improved forage, and physical soil and water management practices.ResultsThe study result shows that 35% of farmers apply manure on their farm plots. Minimum tillage is also applied to 36% of farms. Intercropping improved forages and physical soil and water management structures are adopted by 45, 19, and 47% of farmers, respectively. The finding of the study indicates the positive and significant effect of education, extension (access to extension services and participation on field days), and ownership of communication devices specifically radio on the adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices.RecommendationsConcerning bodies must pay due attention to problems affecting effective farmers-extension linkage. The positive effect of radio ownership on technology adoption also suggests the need for increased accessibility of FM radio channels to farmers to be aware of climate change and innovative agricultural technologies, practices, and information that mitigate the problem.

Knowledge and Perception of COVID-19 Related Social Distancing Regulations: A Cross-Sectional Study of Bangladeshis Living in Bangladesh and the United States

This study compared the Perception of Social Distancing Regulations (PSDR) among Bangladeshis living in Bangladesh (BD) and the United States (US). Methods: Data were collected through a cross-sectional survey (n = 2338; BD=1879, US=459) using social media platforms during June and July 2020. Based on the responses, ‘Perception Scores’ with values ranging from 0-9 were assigned. Using SAS 9.4, bivariate analyses and ordinal logistic regression were conducted to investigate the relationship between PSDR and Sociodemographic Characteristics (SDCs). Results: Bivariate analyses showed PSDR is significantly related with highest level of education among participants from the U.S. (p=0.002) and BD (p<0.0001); household income (p=0.001) and area of residence (p=0.002) among the participants of BD. Ordinal logistic regression revealed significant effect of education but no effect of household income in predicting higher PSDR score. Conclusion: In a population of the same ethnic origin, the role of SDCs varies in predicting the COVID-19 related PSDR score based on their current primary country of residence

THE INFLUENCE OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE, EDUCATION AND TRAINING ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of organizational culture, education, and training on employee performance at the Sawunggalih Aji Polytechnic, Purworejo Regency.
 Data analysis used research instrument analysis which included validity testing using product-moment correlation analysis, reliability testing using Cronbach's alpha technique, hypothesis testing using the rule of the analysis technique.The results showed that: 1) there was a positive and significant influence of organizational culture on employee performance, 2) there was a positive and significant effect of education and training on employee performance, 3) there was a positive and significant influence on organizational culture, education, and training on employee performance.This study uses linear regression analysis. The variables studied in this study were to examine the strength of the relationship and the magnitude of the influence of organizational culture, education, and training on employee performance. The research was conducted with the location and employees at the Sawunggalih Aji Polytechnic.The current condition of the Sawunggalih Aji Polytechnic still has limitations with various problems. The limitations experienced include financial capacity, limited access to information and technology. Therefore, literacy of Organizational Culture, Education, and Training improve performance. Several studies have been conducted to prove that literacy in Organizational Culture, Education, and Training has an impact on improving employee performance.This study offers interesting recommendations regarding organizational policies to increase work engagement and its dimensions. Based on the findings of this study, the direct effect of education and training, as well as organizational culture on performance is more dominant than the joint effect of each variable.

Influence of android-based education on mothers’ knowledge in preventing uterine prolapse

Background: Pelvic organ prolapse is a common health problem and affects up to 40% of women who have given birth and are over 50 years old. Objective: This study aimed to determine the influence of android-based education on mothers’ knowledge in preventing uterine prolapse in the work area of the Poasia Primary Health care, Kendari City, Indonesia. Methods: This study used a quasi-experiment with one group pretest-posttest design. Data were collected from September to December 2019 among 60 mothers. In this study, the respondents were given education about preventing uterine prolapse in the form of PowerPoint (PPT) and videos using the android application. Descriptive statistics and the Wilcoxon test were used for data analysis. Results: Of 60 respondents, 52 respondents experienced an increase in knowledge after being given an education. There was a significant effect of education using PowerPoint (PPT) and videos in the android application on the improvement of mothers’ knowledge in preventing prolapse uteri (p = 0.000). Conclusion: There may be an influence of the android-based education in increasing mothers’ knowledge of preventing uterine prolapse. However, further study is needed to validate the findings.

Pendidikan, Pengalaman dan Indepedensi terhadap Kinerja Auditor pada Kantor Akuntan Publik (KAP) Wilayah Kota Padang

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of education, experience, and independence on auditor performance. The population of this research is auditors who are in all Public Accounting Firms (KAP) Padang City Region. The sampling technique was using purposive sampling technique, so that the research sample was obtained as many as 40 people. Collecting data using questionnaires that were distributed directly to respondents. The analytical method used in this research is multiple linear regression analysis method. Multiple linear analysis method was used to test the hypothesis simultaneously with the F test, and to partially test the hypothesis with the t test. The results of hypothesis testing concluded that jointly and partially, there is a positive and significant effect of education, experience and independence variables on Auditor Performance. So that the proposed hypothesis is proven/accepted in this study. It is recommended to the auditors to be able to maintain and improve the education, experience and independence that have been achieved and are relatively good, so that the performance of the auditors will increase. For future research, it is hoped that researchers can develop research models using other dependent variables or try to add intervening variables to their research.Keywords: Education, Experience, Independence, Auditor, Performance.

The effect of a parenteral-to-oral conversion program for high-bioavailability antibiotics use

Background: Appropriate conversion of antibiotics from parenteral to the oral route can lower the risk of catheter-associated infections, reduce medical costs, and shorten hospitalization. We investigated the effect of a parenteral-to-oral conversion program on high-bioavailability antibiotics conducted by medical students and the changes in perceptions of oral antibiotics after participating in the program. Methods: The parenteral-to-oral conversion program was implemented as a core clinical practice course for the fifth-year medical students in 2021 at the infectious diseases department in an affiliated hospital of a medical school in Korea. Half of the students in this class participated in the program from January to October 2021. An evaluation of the possibility of oral conversion was performed for parenterally administered, high oral-bioavailability antibiotics including ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, metronidazole, linezolid, and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole. These agents are prescribed in the departments of pulmonology, gastroenterology, general surgery, and neurology. The medical students reviewed medical records for the patients treated with those antibiotics and wrote a recommendation for oral conversion for the cases with “possible oral conversion” after an infectious disease specialist confirmed their assessments. The cases without administration of any oral drugs or with the duration of parenteral antibiotic use of <3 days were excluded from the evaluation. The following cases were considered as “impossible oral conversion” and were excluded from the intervention: (1) admitted to the ICUs, (2) admitted to the protected isolation rooms, (3) difficult to take oral medication, (4) risk of insufficient medication absorption, e) bone and joint infections, (5) fever within 24 hours, (6) insufficient response to antibiotic therapy, and (7) recommended to use intravenous antibiotics by consultation with an infectious disease specialist. Furthermore, a survey was conducted on the perception of oral antibiotics in medical students before and after clinical practice to evaluate the educational effect of this program. Results: In total, 923 cases were reviewed, and 190 (20.6%) of 923 antibiotics prescriptions with high oral bioavailability were found to be administered parenterally even though they could be converted oral administration. Among these 190 antibiotics prescriptions, 46 (24.2%) were changed via a written proposal within 48 hours, 83 (43.7%) proposed changes were declined, and 61 (32.1%) antibiotics prescriptions were discontinued within 48 hours. Through this program, students have gained a better perception of oral antibiotics. Conclusions: This parenteral-to-oral conversion program showed a 24.2% acceptance rate of oral antibiotics conversions in the hospital, and it had significant educational effects on medical students regarding an appropriate perception of oral antibiotics.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

Student-led curricular approaches in medical education: the educational effects of a virtual fundamentals of COVID-19 course

BackgroundAs the field of education was adapting to virtual learning during the COVID-19 pandemic, a need quickly emerged for a course to prepare medical students for future clinical practice. This call to action was answered by creating an innovative Fundamentals of COVID-19 course at the Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM). As a group of medical student leaders at IUSM, we developed this online course in order to support our fellow students and the community.MethodsThe study examined the educational effects of completing the Fundamentals of COVID-19 course. In order to examine these effects, the study asked enrolled students to complete both a pre- and post-course self-assessment survey. Students were asked an identical set of questions on each survey about their knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSA) regarding COVID-19. Composite scores were created for each KSA learning domain. Responses were provided using a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree.ResultsOut of the 724 students enrolled, 645 students completed both the pre- and post-course assessment surveys. Findings show that there were both meaningful and statistically significant differences in students’ responses to the pre- and post-course surveys. Results show 1.) a significant mean increase in the knowledge composite score of 1.01, 95% CI [0.95, 1.06], t(644) = 36.4, p < .001, d = 1.43; 2.) a significant mean increase in the skills composite score of .55, 95% CI [0.50, 0.60], t(644) = 20.70, p < .001, d = 0.81. and 3.) a significant mean increase of the abilities composite score of 1.02, 95% CI [.97, 1.07], t(644) = 36.56, p < .001, d = 1.44.ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate that the student-developed, online Fundamentals of COVID-19 course resulted in notable and statistically significant educational effects. The increase in students’ self-reported ratings, especially in the knowledge and abilities domains, indicate that meaningful learning occurred within the course. These findings have notable implications for medical student training during healthcare emergencies, such as a pandemic, as well as within modern clerkship environments. Overall, our findings provide evidence that student-led curricular design and virtual delivery of course content can be effective tools in undergraduate medical education.

Choosing A Competence, Education And Work Discipline On The Productivity Of Food Security And Agricultural Services For The Future

Purpose of the study — find out whether competence, Education, and work discipline affect work productivity either partially or simultaneously.Research method— Causal associative research with a quantitative approach using a questionnaire survey method. The population in the study was the staff of the Food and Agriculture Security Service "KNG", which amounted to 206 people and then reduced using the slovin formula so that it became 68 samples.Result— the results of the t-test are obtained that the tcount value of the Competence variable (X1) has a p-value of 0.000 &lt;0.05, meaning that it is significantly distributed, while count 5.775 &gt; from table 1.997 means significant. (table 1.997 obtained from degrees of freedom (df) n-3 or 68-3=65. The results of the t-test show that the t-count value of the Education variable (X2) has a p-value of 0.000 &lt;0.05, which means it is significant, while tcount is 6.287 &gt; from table 1.997, which means it is significant. And for the tcount value of the Work Discipline variable (X3), it has a p-value of 0.000 &lt;0.05 which means it is significant, while tcount is 2.804 &gt; from table 1.997, which means it is significant.Conclusion— First: There is a positive and significant influence partially Competence on Employee Productivity of the Food and Agriculture Security Service of “KNG” . The magnitude of the influence of Competence on Employee Productivity is 94%. Second: There is a positive and partially significant effect of Education on the Productivity of the Food and Agriculture Security Service of Kuningan Regency employees of 87.7%. Third: There is a positive and significant influence partially Work Discipline on the Productivity of the Employees of the Food Security and Agriculture Office of “KNG” 82.2%. Fourth: There is a simultaneous positive and significant effect of Competence, Education and Work Discipline on Employee Productivity at the Food and Agriculture Security Service of “KNG”. The magnitude of the positive influence of Competence, Education, Work Discipline on Employee Productivity is 96.4% while the remaining 3.6% is influenced by other factors. With increasing competence, Education and work discipline, mployee productivity will also increase.&#x0D;